If body shadows are embodied-that is, if observers process properties of their shadows in the same way as properties of their own bodies under similar spatial, motor, and affective circumstances ( de Vignemont, 2011)-then a shadow cast beyond the boundaries of the physical body should bias observers to experience themselves as extending further into the environment. Although cast-body shadows bear a clear relationship to the physical body, it is unclear whether observers represent their shadows as a part of their own bodies. Shadows are linked to the body, but unlike all other parts of the body, they are purely visual, changing with sources of illumination and lacking tactile or proprioceptive sensors. As long as there is light, our shadows are always with us, extending from and moving with the bodies they resemble. Plutarch, whether he was aware of it or not, may have been the first person to realize that the cast-body shadow is unique from other objects in the environment. These results suggest that, although cast-body shadows do not enable interaction with objects or provide direct tactile feedback, observers nonetheless represent their shadows as if they were a part of them. We found perceptual distortions in both cast-body shadow and tool-use conditions, but not in our non cast-body shadow condition. If observers represent cast-body shadows as extensions of their bodies, then when these shadows extend toward a target, it should appear closer than when no shadow is present (Experiment 1) or when a non cast-body shadow is cast toward a target (Experiment 2). We examined if perceptual distortion would also result from exposure to cast-body shadows in two separate distance estimation perceptual matching tasks. Tools are represented as an extension of the body when they enable observers to interact with distant targets, perceptually distorting space. We investigated the characteristics that drive an object’s embodiment, examining whether cast-body shadows, a purely visual stimulus, can become embodied. Objects that serve as extensions of the body can produce a sensation of embodiment, feeling as if they are a part of us.
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